Ethics

Research is a dynamic process that can involve multiple ethical and legal dimensions, which is why researchers are strongly encouraged to consult their local ethics committee early in the project. Ethical compliance is not a one-time checkbox exercise: even after obtaining initial approval, new issues may arise as the project develops and may require further guidance or additional review. Although procedures vary between institutions, most research projects fall within one or more of the following major ethical domains:

• Research involving human participants

• Research involving animals and non human genetic resources

• Human embryonic stem cells, human embryos, and human tissues

• Research conducted in or with non-EU countries (risk of ethics dumping)

• Environmental, health, and safety considerations

• Artificial intelligence and digital data practices

• Cross-cutting issues such as dual use, security, and data protection